Christmas market

Origins and history

The tradition began in the German-speaking regions of Europe during the Late Middle Ages. Early versions were known as December markets, established to help residents stock up on meat and supplies for the cold winter months. The first documented market appeared in Vienna in 1298, followed by others in Munich and Bautzen. Over time, these fairs evolved to include craftsmen selling toys and sweets for children. The Reformation era saw a shift in naming, with some markets adopting the term Christkindlmarkt to honor the Christ child rather than Saint Nicholas. Dresden's Striezelmarkt, starting in 1434, is considered one of the earliest true Christmas markets.

How it is kept

Markets are typically set up in central town squares or near historic landmarks. Open-air stalls line the pathways, offering a variety of goods and refreshments. Visitors browse handmade ornaments, wooden toys, and seasonal treats. Traditional singing and dancing often accompany the atmosphere. In Nuremberg, the opening night features the Christkind, a figure representing the Christ child, who welcomes attendees. Markets usually open in late November and remain active until Christmas Day or early January. Some cities host multiple markets, each with its own theme or focus.

Food and drink

Seasonal foods are a central part of the experience. Glühwein, a hot mulled wine, is widely consumed to ward off the cold. Other popular drinks include Eierpunsch, an egg-based warm beverage, and Kinderpunsch, a non-alcoholic option. Snacks such as Bratwurst sausages, roasted chestnuts, and candied almonds are common. Sweets like Lebkuchen gingerbread, Magenbrot, and Baumstriezel pastries are also staples. Regional specialties vary, with Saxony known for Christstollen bread and Hesse for Frankfurter Bethmännchen cookies.

Global spread

While rooted in German-speaking cultures, Christmas markets have spread globally. In France, Strasbourg hosts one of the oldest markets, dating back to 1570. Italy adopted the tradition more recently, with Bolzano establishing its first modern market in 1991. The United Kingdom saw the rise of large-scale markets in cities like Birmingham and Manchester, often supported by German partners. German immigrants brought the custom to the United States, where cities like Chicago and Denver now host their own versions. Other countries, including Russia, Latvia, and Romania, have also embraced the tradition in recent decades.

Modern developments

In the 20th century, Christmas markets became integral to pre-Christmas customs. A revival in the mid-1990s led to more commercialized versions with attractions like ice rinks and Ferris wheels. Security measures have increased in Western Europe due to past terror attacks, with bollards and police presence becoming standard. Despite these changes, the core appeal remains: a communal space for shopping, eating, and celebrating the season. Many markets continue to emphasize local artisans and traditional crafts, preserving their cultural significance.

How Christmas market is kept

Markets open in town squares during Advent, featuring stalls selling crafts, food, and drinks. Visitors browse items like wooden toys, ornaments, and seasonal treats while enjoying hot beverages and music. In some towns, a Christkind figure opens the market. Events range from small local fairs to large urban celebrations with thousands of visitors.

When and where

Held during the four weeks of Advent, typically from late November through December. Dates vary by city but generally align with the Christian calendar leading up to Christmas.

Strongest in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, with significant presence in France, Italy, and the UK. Cities like Nuremberg, Vienna, and Strasbourg are renowned for their long-standing traditions.

What Christmas market means

Markets symbolize community gathering and preparation for the holiday season. They reflect historical practices of sharing resources and gifts during winter. The Christkind figure represents generosity and joy, while the exchange of handmade goods honors craftsmanship and local culture.

On the table

• Glühwein
• Eierpunsch
• Bratwurst
• Lebkuchen
• Christstollen
• Roasted chestnuts
• Candied almonds
• Baumstriezel

Flavours: Cinnamon Ginger

Days Christmas market is marked

Christmas market dates: 2026, 2027, 2028

This date follows the moon or a local calendar and can move by a day, so check with a local source nearer the time.

Questions people ask about Christmas market

See also

ChristmasA festival of Jesus's birth, kept on 25 December with gifts, lights and shared mealsChristmas treeA decorated evergreen or artificial tree placed indoors to mark the Christmas season.Christmas EveThe evening before Christmas, marked by church services, family meals, and gift preparations across Christian cultures.ImbolcA Gaelic festival heralding spring and honoring Saint Brigid with woven rush crosses

Good reading and sources

• Germany: 5 arrested for suspected Christmas market plotDeutsche Welle, Article
• Germany: 5 arrested for suspected Christmas market plotDeutsche Welle, Article

• Christmas market on WikipediaEncyclopedia
• More photos on Wikimedia CommonsPhotos and video
• Wikidata recordOpen data

It may contain mistakes. Traditions differ from one family, village and community to the next, and the people who keep them know them best. If something is wrong, tell us. Last refreshed 2026-10-04.